Communication Barriers in Mental Health: The Role ofMisinformation and the Difficulty of Opening Up When Seeking Help

Main Article Content

Ariadna de la Vega Castelo
Jorge Leocadio-Baño
María del Sequeros Pedroso Chaparro

Abstract

Prevalence of mental health problems among students is high; however, a significant percentage does not turn to reliable sources for help. The objective of this study is to examine the barriers for seeking help by comparing the profiles of college students who seek professional help with those who turn to artificial intelligence and those who do not seek help at all. A cross-sectional methodology was used for this purpose. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify predictors of help-seeking profiles across the three groups. Greater awareness of current and past problems and adequate information about mental health resources made it significantly more likely to belong to the group seeking professional help compared to those who do not seek help. Meanwhile, the probability of belonging to the group that seeks help from Artificial Intelligence rather than a professional was higher when there was lower awareness of the problem, insufficient information about mental health resources, greater self-stigma for seeking help, and greater difficulty for talk about personal problems.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Article Details

Section

MON. Health Communication: Challenges and Opportunities

Author Biographies

Ariadna de la Vega Castelo, URJC Universidad Rey Juan Carlos

Doctora en Psicología Clínica y de la Salud por la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona (2013) con mención europea y calificación cum laude.

En la actualdiad docente e investigador en la Universidad Rey Juan Carlos de Madrid en el Campus de Ciencias de la Salud.
Experiencia docente desde 2011 en en diferentes instituciones y centros universitarios: Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), Centro Universitario Cardenal Cisneros (CUCC) adscrito a la Universidad de Alcalá (UAH), Universidad Isabel I de Burgos (Ui1), Universidad Internacional de Valencia (VIU), Universidad Internacional de la Rioja (UNIR) y el Instituto Superior Europeo de Barcelona (ISEB).

Máster en Psicología General Sanitaria. Ejercicio de psicóloga sanitaria desde 2013 con número de colegiada M-27445.

Miembro del equipo de investigación SAFE (URJC-UDIMA). 

Jorge Leocadio-Baño

Estudiante predoctoral en la Escuela Internacional de Doctorado de la Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC). Actualmente disfruta de una beca competitiva concedida por la Comunidad de Madrid desempeñando su labor investigadora en el Departamento de Psicología de la URJC como Personal Docente Investigador en Formación. Miembro grupo de investigación SAFE. 

María del Sequeros Pedroso Chaparro

Doctora en Psicología Clínica y de la Salud por la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Profesora Contratada Doctor a tiempo completo en la Universidad a Distancia de Madrid (UDIMA), Graduada en Psicología y Máster en Psicología General Sanitaria por la Universidad Rey Juan Carlos de Madrid. Miembro del grupo de investigación SAFE. 

How to Cite

de la Vega Castelo, A., Leocadio-Baño, J., & Pedroso Chaparro, M. del S. (2026). Communication Barriers in Mental Health: The Role ofMisinformation and the Difficulty of Opening Up When Seeking Help. Miguel Hernandez Communication Journal, 17, 441-460. https://doi.org/10.21134/2e2dkp44

References

Ali, M., Ali, S., Abbas, Q., Abbas, Z., y Lee, S. W. (2025). Artificial intelligence for mental health: A narrative review of applications, challenges, and future directions in digital health. Digital Health, 11, https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076251395548

Amer, N., y Hamdan-Mansour, A. (2025). The effectiveness of mental health literacy digital awareness campaign on social discrimination, willingness to seek professional psychological help, and intended behaviors among high school students in Jordan. Digital Health, 11, https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076251381761

American Psychiatric Association, (2026) Stigma, Prejudice and Discrimination Against People with Mental Illnes. https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/stigma-and-discrimination#:~:text=Talk%20openly%20about%20mental%20health,the%20topic%20of%20mental%20illness.

Auerbach, R. P., Mortier, P., Bruffaerts, R., Alonso, J., Kessler, R. C., y Cuijpers, P. (2018). WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and distribution of mental disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 127(7), 623–638.

Awan, M., Boyce, M. A., y Lindsay, B. L. (2025). Mental health literacy and help-seeking: the mediating role of self-stigma and emotional intelligence. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, 1589093. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1589093

Bruffaerts, R., Mortier, P., Kiekens, G., Auerbach, R. P., Cuijpers, P., Demyttenaere, K., Green, J. G., Nock, M. K., y Kessler, R. C. (2018). Mental health problems in college freshmen: Prevalence and academic functioning. Journal of Affective Disorders, 225, 97–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.044

Chen, Q., Zhao, Z., Bao, J., Lin, J., Li, W., & Zang, Y. (2024). Digital empowerment in mental health: A meta-analysis of internet-based interventions for enhancing mental health literacy. International journal of clinical and health psychology: IJCHP, 24(3), 100489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2024.100489

Crockett, M. A., Núñez, D., Martínez, P., Borghero, F., Campos, S., Langer, Á. I., y Martínez, V. (2025). Interventions to reduce mental health stigma in young people: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Network Open, 8(1), e2454730. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.54730

Cross, S., Bell, I., Nicholas, J., Valentine, L., Mangelsdorf, S., Baker, S., Titov, N., y Alvarez Jimenez, M. (2024). Use of AI in mental health care: Community and mental health professionals survey. JMIR Mental Health, 11, e60589, https://doi.org/10.2196/60589

Cuesta-Andaluz, E., Moreta-Herrera, R., Moya-Solís, A., Santillán-García, N., y Moreno Montero, E. (2025). Propiedades psicométricas del Patient Health Questionnaire-4 en una muestra de adultos del Ecuador. Ciencias Psicológicas, 19(2), e-4481. https://doi.org/10.22235/cp.v19i2.4481

Gonçalves-Fernández, M. L., y Pino-Juste, M. (2025). Health literacy in healthy adults: A systematic review of recent evidence. Atención Primaria, 57(11), 103300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aprim.2025.103300

Gordon, C. S., Ferber, K., Notley, T., Rodgers, R. F., Bradshaw, E., Basarkod, G., y Dicke, T. (2025). The relationship between media literacy and well-being: A systematic review and meta analysis. Educational Research Review, 100731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2025.100731

Haavik, L., Joa, I., Hatloy, K., Stain, H. J., y Langeveld, J. (2019). Help seeking for mental health problems in an adolescent population: the effect of gender. Journal of Mental Health, 28(5), 467–474. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2017.1340630

Hussain, M. H., y Zaini, N. A. B. (2025). Understanding mental health literacy, stigma, and help-seeking attitudes among university students in the Maldives: a mediation analysis. BMC Psychology, 13(1), 1165. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03468-4

Hyseni Duraku, Z., y Davis, H. (2024). Overcoming mental health challenges in higher education: A narrative review. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1466060. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1466060

Khubchandani, J., Brey, R., Kotecki, J., Kleinfelder, J., y Anderson, J. (2016). The psychometric properties of PHQ-4 depression and anxiety screening scale among college students. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 30(4), 457-462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2016.01.014

Laaninen, T. (2025). Media literacy: Fostering a key civic skill in a digital information environment. Servicio de Estudios del Parlamento Europeo (EPRS). Parlamento Europeo. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank

Larrahondo, B. F., Valencia, J. G., Martínez-Villalba, A. M. R., Ospina, J. P. Z., y Aguirre Acevedo, D. C. (2021). Validación de la escala de Autoestigma por Búsqueda de Ayuda (ABA) en una población de estudiantes de Medicina de Colombia. Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría, 50(2), 82-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcp.2020.01.001

Lipson, S. K., Lattie, E. G., y Eisenberg, D. (2019). Increased rates of mental health service utilization by U.S. college students: 10-year population-level trends. Psychiatric Services, 70(1), 60–63. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.20180033

McLaren, T., Peter, L.-J., Tomczyk, S., Muehlan, H., Schomerus, G., y Schmidt, S. (2023). The effects of causal and self-efficacy beliefs on help-seeking for people with depressive complaints: A quasi-experimental online study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14, 1232848. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1232848

Ministerio de Universidades. (2023). La salud mental en el estudiantado de las universidades españolas. Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades. https://www.ciencia.gob.es/dam/jcr:0de3e888-9c3d-4746-9067-e16fc2f3a4e9/Estudio_SaludMentalEstudiantado_jul2023.pdf

Organización Mundial de la Salud. (18 Marzo 2025). How the media can combat mental health stigma and discrimination https://www.who.int/europe/news-room/feature-stories/item/how-the-media-can-combat-mental-health-stigma-and-discrimination#:~:text=Nine%20out%20of%2010%20people,struggle%20with%20the%20same%20symptoms

Organización Mundial de la Salud. (22 Diciembre 2025). Alfabetización Sanitaria. https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/health-literacy

Palmer, C. E., Marshall, E., Millgate, E., Warren, G., Ewbank, M., Cooper, E., y Blackwell, A. D. (2025). Combining artificial intelligence and human support in mental health: digital intervention with comparable effectiveness to human-delivered care. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 27, e69351. https://doi.org/10.2196/69351

Paiva, U., Cortese, S., Flor, M., Moncada-Parra, A., Lecumberri, A., Eudave, L., Magallón, S., García-González, S., Sobrino-Morras, Á., Piqué, I., Mestre-Bach, G., Solmi, M., y Arrondo, G. (2025). Prevalence of mental disorder symptoms among university students: An umbrella review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 175, 106244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106244

Schnyder, N., Panczak, R., Groth, N., y Schultze-Lutter, F. (2017). Association between mental health-related stigma and active help-seeking: systematic review and meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry: the Journal of Mental Science, 210(4), 261–268. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.116.189464

Soler, J., Perís-Baquero, O., Martínez-Garcia, L., y Osma, J. (2025). Exploring the mental health of university students in Spain: What can we do to preserve and improve their mental health and wellbeing? Current Psychology, 44 (6), 4159–4169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-025-07307-y

Sørensen, K., Pelikan, J. M., Röthlin, F., Ganahl, K., Slonska, Z., Doyle, G., Fullam, J., Kondilis, B., Agrafiotis, D., Uiters, E., Falcon, M., Mensing, M., Tchamov, K., van den Broucke, S., Brand, H., y HLS-EU Consortium (2015). Health literacy in Europe: comparative results of the European health literacy survey (HLS-EU). European Journal of Public Health, 25(6), 1053–1058. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckv043

Staiger, T., Stiawa, M., Mueller-Stierlin, A. S., Kilian, R., Beschoner, P., Gündel, H., Becker, T., Frasch, K., Panzirsch, M., Schmauß, M., y Krumm, S. (2020). Masculinity and help-seeking among men with depression: A qualitative study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 599039. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.599039

Varma, S., y Batterham, P. J. (2025). Self-recognition and formal help-seeking for mental health conditions: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 388, 119612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2025.119612

Vogel, D. L., Wade, N. G., y Haake, S. (2006). Self-Stigma of Seeking Help Scale (SSOSH) [Database record]. APA PsycTests. https://doi.org/10.1037/t00524-000

Weiss, B. D. (2007). Health literacy and patient safety: Help patients understand. Manual for clinicians (2.ª ed.). American Medical Association Foundation; American Medical Association. ama assn.org

Yousaf, O., Popat, A., y Hunter, M. S. (2015). An investigation of masculinity attitudes, gender, and attitudes toward psychological help-seeking. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 16(2), 234 237. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036241

Zhang, Z. y Wang, J. (2024). Can AI replace psychotherapists? Exploring the future of mental health care. Frontiers in Psychiatry 15:1444382. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1444382

Zhao, R., Amanvermez, Y., Pei, J., Castro-Ramirez, F., Rapsey, C., Garcia, C., Ebert, D. D., Haro, J. M., Fodor, L. A., David, O. A., Rankin, O., Chua, S. N., Martínez, V., Bruffaerts, R., Kessler, R. C., y Cuijpers, P. (2025). Research Review: Help-seeking intentions, behaviors, and barriers in college students - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 66(10), 1593–1605. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.1

Similar Articles

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.